Bureaucracy

Lots of red tape and government regulation stymie business activity. They impact the core elements of a thriving economy by hindering people from innovating or creating new businesses, and they make running a business burdensome, requiring people to spend time complying with unnecessary or heavy administrative controls instead of focusing on business improvements. That's not to say that regulation is not important—of course good governance and the rule of law are critical to a healthy market-based economy, as we will examine next. But excessive, time-consuming and rigid controls gum up the wheels of the economy.

大量的繁文。节和政府法规阻碍了商业活动。它们通过阻碍人们创新或创造新业务，影响经济蓬勃发展的核心要素，造成企业负担沉重，要求人们花时间遵守不必要或重大的行政管理措施，而不是专注于业务改进。这并不是说监管并不重要 - 当然，善政和法治对健康的市场经济至关重要，下面我们将再来看看。但是过度的，耗时的和严格的控制措施会刺激经济的转折。

To measure bureaucracy we look at measures related to the ease of starting a business (from the World Bank/IFC), the efficiency and cost of dealing with construction permits (also World Bank/IFC) and the burden of government regulation (from the World Economic Forum). The pieces of our bureaucracy indicator are shown in the table below. Bureaucracy tends to be more prevalent in less developed countries and so is fairly related to income levels. This is fairly natural for a number of reasons, because the processes are simply less efficient and require more steps, because the market systems are less advanced or established and have more controls, or because of inter-related factors, like weaker rule of law and a higher degree of corruption leading to more controls that allow for rent seeking. From a growth perspective, businessmen and investors will likely accept that a certain degree of bureaucracy is to be expected to do business in an emerging country that is otherwise competitive. But if the bureaucracy is exceptional even relative to countries of similar income, it is no doubt going to weigh on the decision to do business in that country. Once excluding the effect of income, our gauge of bureaucracy is 32% correlated to historical future growth in income per capita. Notably, it is negatively correlated to future growth when we don't make this adjustment. Along with our measures of the rule of law and corruption, this gauge helps us triangulate the picture of how hard it is to do business in a country.

为了衡量官僚主义，我们研究与开展业务（世行/国际金融公司）相关的措施，处理建筑许可证的效率和成本（也是世行/国际金融公司）和政府监管的负担（来自世界经济论坛）。我们的官僚体系指标如下表所示。官僚主义在欠发达国家往往更为普遍，所以与收入水平相关。这是很自然的，原因很多，因为这些流程效率低下，需要更多的步骤，因为市场体系不太先进或建立起来，并且有更多的控制，或者因为相互关联的因素，如法治和更高的腐败程度导致更多的控制，允许寻租。从增长的角度来看，商人和投资者可能会接受一定程度的官僚作风，预计在一个具有竞争力的新兴国家开展业务。但是，如果官僚机构甚至相对于收入相似的国家来说是特殊的，那么毫无疑问，这个决定在这个国家开展业务是决定性的。一旦排除收入的影响，我们对官僚体系的衡量与人均收入的未来增长率呈现32％的相关性。值得注意的是，当我们不做这个调整时，它与未来的增长负相关。随着我们的法治和腐败的措施，这个指标有助于我们对在一个国家做生意的困难进行三角化。

Before taking into account income levels, Singapore ranks best on our gauge of bureaucracy, followed by the English-speaking developed world. Nowhere is it easier to start a business or run one without burden from government regulation than in Singapore according to our measures. Bureaucracy is worst in Argentina and India and high in Russia, Brazil and China as well. Once you exclude the relationship between income and bureaucracy, India and China don’t look quite as bad, though still below par. Europe’s periphery (Spain, Greece, and Italy) all look highly bureaucratic given their stage of development. Italy ranks near the bottom due in particular to the burden government regulations place on doing business. Russia scores poorly considering its income, just a touch above Argentina.

在考虑到收入水平之前，新加坡在官僚体系方面排名最好，其次是英语发达国家。根据我们的措施，没有任何地方比新加坡更容易开办企业，没有政府管理的负担。官僚主义在阿根廷和印度也是最差的，俄罗斯，巴西和中国也是最高的。一旦你排除了收入和官僚主义之间的关系，印度和中国看起来并不是那么糟糕，尽管低于标准。鉴于发展阶段，欧洲的边缘地区（西班牙，希腊和意大利）都看起来高度官僚化。意大利排在靠近底层，特别是政府规定的营业负担。考虑到俄罗斯的收入，俄罗斯的收入差距不大，只比阿根廷高。

Below you can see a more granular view of how each country scored for each measure.

您可以在下方看到每个国家/地区对每个度量进行评分的详细视图。